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The question: if the 1y rate is 4.00% and the 2y rate is 4.50%, what is the 1y1y rate?

First of all, you always need to understand what your interviewer is assessing. In this case, it's an understanding of how interest rates work, specifically with respect to yield curve construction. It's a question you often get in a fixed income sales & trading, hedge fund, or asset management interview. 

The math:

1y1y rate = (1 + 2y rate)^2 / (1 + 1y rate) - 1

= (1 + 0.045)^2 / (1 + 0.040) - 1

= approximately 5.00%

The reason:

It all starts with the assumption that there's no arbitrage here. 

We already know the 1 year rate.

And remember, your 2 year rate lets you know your ANNUALIZED return over the two year period.

You earn the 1y rate in year one.  Your investment then gets compounded again in year 2 at the 1 year rate in 1 year's time. 

So how can we solve for that rate? 

The 2 year rate squared --- or, said differently, compounded on itself --- divided by your return over the first year of your investment gives you the rate that you would have had to earn during the second year of your investment if no arbitrage exists. 

That gives you the 1 year rate in 1 year's time, aka the 1y1y rate. 

Check out our fixed income curriculum if you want to learn everything you need to know to be an expert when it comes to interest rates, bonds, derivatives, and more!
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thewallstreetskinny
The question: if the 1y rate is 4.00% and the 2y rate is 4.50%, what is the 1y1y rate? First of all, you always need to understand what your interviewer is assessing. In this case, it's an understanding of how interest rates work, specifically with respect to yield curve construction. It's a question you often get in a fixed income sales & trading, hedge fund, or asset management interview. The math: 1y1y rate = (1 + 2y rate)^2 / (1 + 1y rate) - 1 = (1 + 0.045)^2 / (1 + 0.040) - 1 = approximately 5.00% The reason: It all starts with the assumption that there's no arbitrage here. We already know the 1 year rate. And remember, your 2 year rate lets you know your ANNUALIZED return over the two year period. You earn the 1y rate in year one. Your investment then gets compounded again in year 2 at the 1 year rate in 1 year's time. So how can we solve for that rate? The 2 year rate squared --- or, said differently, compounded on itself --- divided by your return over the first year of your investment gives you the rate that you would have had to earn during the second year of your investment if no arbitrage exists. That gives you the 1 year rate in 1 year's time, aka the 1y1y rate. Check out our fixed income curriculum if you want to learn everything you need to know to be an expert when it comes to interest rates, bonds, derivatives, and more!
I'll be sure to circle back and follow up...

100% credit for creative inspiration to @katstickler 
#investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance #wallstreet
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thewallstreetskinny
I'll be sure to circle back and follow up... 100% credit for creative inspiration to @katstickler #investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance #wallstreet
Today we're spilling the tea on EXACTLY how much money people working in Investment Banking, Private Equity, and Private Credit are making. Comment "MONEY" below and we will send you a link to our latest episode, where we are pulling back the curtain on the industry's carefully guarded compensation data with the help of @highyield.harry @buysidehub
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thewallstreetskinny
Today we're spilling the tea on EXACTLY how much money people working in Investment Banking, Private Equity, and Private Credit are making. Comment "MONEY" below and we will send you a link to our latest episode, where we are pulling back the curtain on the industry's carefully guarded compensation data with the help of @highyield.harry @buysidehub
A private equity firm invests $100 today and gets $200 out in 3 years. What is the IRR? 

Mental math only. NO Calculator or Excel.

Hint: Use Rule of 72.
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The actual answer is 26%. The number you get using the rule of 72 is 24%. But the more interesting question is:

1. HOW do we get the answer?
2. WHY would you use the rule of 72 vs. Excel or a financial calculator?
3. What the heck IS the rule of 72 anyway?

In investment banking and private equity interviews, the notorious “Paper LBO” is a common way firms test candidates’ technical capabilities.

In the paper LBO, the interviewer will give you (the candidate) limited information about a company and ask you to calculate the sponsor’s return — or IRR — using just a pen and paper.

This isn’t easy given you typically NEED Excel or a financial calculator to do time value of money math, and you won’t have access to either.

And that is where the RULE OF 72 comes in.

The rule of 72 is a calculation that estimates the number of years it takes to double your money at a specified rate of return. In other words: if an investor achieves a 10% IRR, they’d double their money in 72 / 10 or 7 years.

Now this doesn’t seem helpful for a paper LBO because we aren’t solving for the doubling time — we’re solving for the return or IRR! We need to use algebra to convert the equation.

If 72 / IRR = years to double, then 72 / years to double = IRR.

So we take 72 / 3 years = 24 (so 24%), which is pretty darn close to the actual IRR you’d get using a financial calculator or Excel: 26%.

There is also the rule of 114/115, which you use if you triple your investment and 144 if you quadruple it.

So, knowing that…what is the IRR if your equity grows from $100 to $300 in 5 years? Let us know in the comments.
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thewallstreetskinny
A private equity firm invests $100 today and gets $200 out in 3 years. What is the IRR? Mental math only. NO Calculator or Excel. Hint: Use Rule of 72. . . . . The actual answer is 26%. The number you get using the rule of 72 is 24%. But the more interesting question is: 1. HOW do we get the answer? 2. WHY would you use the rule of 72 vs. Excel or a financial calculator? 3. What the heck IS the rule of 72 anyway? In investment banking and private equity interviews, the notorious “Paper LBO” is a common way firms test candidates’ technical capabilities. In the paper LBO, the interviewer will give you (the candidate) limited information about a company and ask you to calculate the sponsor’s return — or IRR — using just a pen and paper. This isn’t easy given you typically NEED Excel or a financial calculator to do time value of money math, and you won’t have access to either. And that is where the RULE OF 72 comes in. The rule of 72 is a calculation that estimates the number of years it takes to double your money at a specified rate of return. In other words: if an investor achieves a 10% IRR, they’d double their money in 72 / 10 or 7 years. Now this doesn’t seem helpful for a paper LBO because we aren’t solving for the doubling time — we’re solving for the return or IRR! We need to use algebra to convert the equation. If 72 / IRR = years to double, then 72 / years to double = IRR. So we take 72 / 3 years = 24 (so 24%), which is pretty darn close to the actual IRR you’d get using a financial calculator or Excel: 26%. There is also the rule of 114/115, which you use if you triple your investment and 144 if you quadruple it. So, knowing that…what is the IRR if your equity grows from $100 to $300 in 5 years? Let us know in the comments.
You're telling me we're supposed to believe there's a show about 6 friends in Manhattan in the 90s/00s and not a single one of them works in finance? 

Even Monica's apartment is more believable...
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thewallstreetskinny
You're telling me we're supposed to believe there's a show about 6 friends in Manhattan in the 90s/00s and not a single one of them works in finance? Even Monica's apartment is more believable...
Check your portfolio...and your boyfriend's underwear drawer 👀

#economics #wallstreet #investmentbanking
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thewallstreetskinny
Check your portfolio...and your boyfriend's underwear drawer 👀 #economics #wallstreet #investmentbanking
Drop the word "EXPERT" for our exclusive curriculum that will teach you all the technical skills needed to succeed in Wall Street's most competitive roles like Investment Banking, Sales & Trading, and Private Equity.
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thewallstreetskinny
Drop the word "EXPERT" for our exclusive curriculum that will teach you all the technical skills needed to succeed in Wall Street's most competitive roles like Investment Banking, Sales & Trading, and Private Equity.
Expectations vs. Reality. Forget the Vail condo or Hamptons house, the most unaffordable luxury item on OPs original list: a properly sized unsubsidized living space, health insurance and kids.

Credit to @brent_chase for the inspiration
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thewallstreetskinny
Expectations vs. Reality. Forget the Vail condo or Hamptons house, the most unaffordable luxury item on OPs original list: a properly sized unsubsidized living space, health insurance and kids. Credit to @brent_chase for the inspiration
"And that, kids, is how your mom became a podcaster..."

Creative inspo credit to @the_content_machine
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thewallstreetskinny
"And that, kids, is how your mom became a podcaster..." Creative inspo credit to @the_content_machine
Managing Director in the office....Summer Analyst at home?

So many senior professionals, especially women with young children (whether in finance or otherwise), feel burned out being pulled in multiple directions.

Not only are they managing the expectation of working insane hours at full tilt, but many are also coming home to the expectation of being the primary emotional caregiver.

Can it be done? Yes. Are we fortunate to be able to CHOOSE to try rather than being forced to out of necessity? Extremely.

We’ve spoken to a number of senior executives — from Avery Sheffield, who runs an equity long-short hedge fund, to Deb Smith, who runs a real estate investment bank, to Michele Trogni, who runs an insurance company — all of whom have large families and have shared plainly the ways they make it work.

But “balance” isn’t always pretty, and sometimes “work” can feel more cut and dry than the complexity of the jobs we do at home.

A great support network is a non negotiable if you want to “have it all”.

The more conversations we can have sharing resources, strategies, and solutions — rather than judgement — the better.
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thewallstreetskinny
Managing Director in the office....Summer Analyst at home? So many senior professionals, especially women with young children (whether in finance or otherwise), feel burned out being pulled in multiple directions. Not only are they managing the expectation of working insane hours at full tilt, but many are also coming home to the expectation of being the primary emotional caregiver. Can it be done? Yes. Are we fortunate to be able to CHOOSE to try rather than being forced to out of necessity? Extremely. We’ve spoken to a number of senior executives — from Avery Sheffield, who runs an equity long-short hedge fund, to Deb Smith, who runs a real estate investment bank, to Michele Trogni, who runs an insurance company — all of whom have large families and have shared plainly the ways they make it work. But “balance” isn’t always pretty, and sometimes “work” can feel more cut and dry than the complexity of the jobs we do at home. A great support network is a non negotiable if you want to “have it all”. The more conversations we can have sharing resources, strategies, and solutions — rather than judgement — the better.
To read our entire analysis of Paramount’s winning bid for Warner Brothers, comment the word SUBSTACK below! ⬇️
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thewallstreetskinny
To read our entire analysis of Paramount’s winning bid for Warner Brothers, comment the word SUBSTACK below! ⬇️
For our full deep dive down the rabbit hole on this one, comment "SUBSTACK" below for one of the wildest stories we've talked about all year. 

In the meantime, the question everyone is asking now: what other sports teams and rare assets may be up for grabs, and how widespread is this kind of activity in the first place? Quite possible that this shakes up the entire foundation of private markets investing as we know it today, where all the major private capital players have either bought or built a balance sheet in similar fashion.

Special thanks to Bill Simmons and Hunterbrook, whose research helped inform our article, along with the WSJ, FT, LA Times, and Bloomberg.
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thewallstreetskinny
For our full deep dive down the rabbit hole on this one, comment "SUBSTACK" below for one of the wildest stories we've talked about all year. In the meantime, the question everyone is asking now: what other sports teams and rare assets may be up for grabs, and how widespread is this kind of activity in the first place? Quite possible that this shakes up the entire foundation of private markets investing as we know it today, where all the major private capital players have either bought or built a balance sheet in similar fashion. Special thanks to Bill Simmons and Hunterbrook, whose research helped inform our article, along with the WSJ, FT, LA Times, and Bloomberg.
The Finance of AI 👀

Mark Andreesen (Venture Capitalist, co-founder of a16z) was on Rogan and they played this clip; Andreesen’s response was he agreed with both sides on the tax point. 

I therefore went down a rabbit hole to try and understand what exactly are these companies saving as they race to build out AI. To be technically accurate, Meta’s Louisiana project is estimated to cost closer to $50 billion (grossed up to $100 billion to get an idea of the tax savings for the whole company this year as 2026 estimated CapEx is $125 -$145 billion; obviously not all their projects are in LA.) 

And they still are paying SOME taxes, enough so the local community got a tax windfall during the construction phase allowing teachers to get a $50k year end bonus. 

However, there is still no denying that tax payers are subsidizing a LOT right now, both at the federal and local level. 

For deep dives like these in written form too, drop the word SUBSTACK below ⬇️
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thewallstreetskinny
The Finance of AI 👀 Mark Andreesen (Venture Capitalist, co-founder of a16z) was on Rogan and they played this clip; Andreesen’s response was he agreed with both sides on the tax point. I therefore went down a rabbit hole to try and understand what exactly are these companies saving as they race to build out AI. To be technically accurate, Meta’s Louisiana project is estimated to cost closer to $50 billion (grossed up to $100 billion to get an idea of the tax savings for the whole company this year as 2026 estimated CapEx is $125 -$145 billion; obviously not all their projects are in LA.) And they still are paying SOME taxes, enough so the local community got a tax windfall during the construction phase allowing teachers to get a $50k year end bonus. However, there is still no denying that tax payers are subsidizing a LOT right now, both at the federal and local level. For deep dives like these in written form too, drop the word SUBSTACK below ⬇️
I walked away from hundreds of thousands of dollars when I left my V.P. role at Morgan Stanley. And I'm not alone --- more rising stars than ever are abdicating elite roles across the street. Why are people folding a winning hand just when their career is really taking off?

If you want to know why and what I'd do differently today TO FIX IT, comment "SUBSTACK" to read our hot take on how to escape "the V.P. Curse"!
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thewallstreetskinny
I walked away from hundreds of thousands of dollars when I left my V.P. role at Morgan Stanley. And I'm not alone --- more rising stars than ever are abdicating elite roles across the street. Why are people folding a winning hand just when their career is really taking off? If you want to know why and what I'd do differently today TO FIX IT, comment "SUBSTACK" to read our hot take on how to escape "the V.P. Curse"!
For those of you who are asking for new Industry recaps, we had to pause after s3e3 to finish our Fixed Income course, but will pick it up in December and finish season 3 before season 4 comes out next year!

#investmentbanking #forex #wallstreet #industry #womeninfinance
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thewallstreetskinny
For those of you who are asking for new Industry recaps, we had to pause after s3e3 to finish our Fixed Income course, but will pick it up in December and finish season 3 before season 4 comes out next year! #investmentbanking #forex #wallstreet #industry #womeninfinance
SpaceX announces earnings today, August 4th. Per the prospectus, that will trigger the first official unlock August 6th which will result 911 million shares unlocking. 2 weeks later August 21st there will be another 319 million shares that unlock just in time for Nasdaq’s quarterly rebalancing expected to come around September 18th.

Additionally, according to Yahoo finance: “Short interest in SpaceX’s stock stood at 219.3 million shares as of July 29, according to data from S3 Partners cited by Bloomberg. It works out to about 34% of all shares currently available for public trading, up sharply from 23.3 million shares”. 

This means if the share price jumps on good earnings, there is a chance short sellers get squeezed, again resulting in possible forced buying ahead of the unlock which won’t until Thursday, August 6th (two days from now)..
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thewallstreetskinny
SpaceX announces earnings today, August 4th. Per the prospectus, that will trigger the first official unlock August 6th which will result 911 million shares unlocking. 2 weeks later August 21st there will be another 319 million shares that unlock just in time for Nasdaq’s quarterly rebalancing expected to come around September 18th. Additionally, according to Yahoo finance: “Short interest in SpaceX’s stock stood at 219.3 million shares as of July 29, according to data from S3 Partners cited by Bloomberg. It works out to about 34% of all shares currently available for public trading, up sharply from 23.3 million shares”. This means if the share price jumps on good earnings, there is a chance short sellers get squeezed, again resulting in possible forced buying ahead of the unlock which won’t until Thursday, August 6th (two days from now)..
Which is riskier to own: a 10-year US Treasury with a 2.00% coupon, or an otherwise identical 10-year US Treasury with a 4.00% coupon?

********

The answer: the bond with the 2.00% coupon. Why? Well, let's make the example even more extreme. Which is riskier to own, a bond with a 0% coupon that pays you NO interest prior to maturity, when you get all of your money back? Or a bond that pays you something in the interim? You can breathe a little easier knowing you're getting some of your investment back earlier, right? 

Remember, with US Treasuries, we're talking about a bond that theoretically is free of default risk, so the risk profile we are talking about is "duration" risk. It's a bond's sensitivity to a change in interest rates, what we call "DV01": the present value TODAY of a 1 basis point change in rates over the entire life of a bond. All else being equal, a bond with a lower coupon will have a higher DV01, and is therefore "riskier" to own because you will make (or lose) more money with each incremental change in rates. 

Want to master concepts like these like a practitioner? Check out our exclusive Fixed Income curriculum --- it's what you need to be prepared for your summer internship, your full time job, and the next level up in your Wall Street career.
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thewallstreetskinny
Which is riskier to own: a 10-year US Treasury with a 2.00% coupon, or an otherwise identical 10-year US Treasury with a 4.00% coupon? ******** The answer: the bond with the 2.00% coupon. Why? Well, let's make the example even more extreme. Which is riskier to own, a bond with a 0% coupon that pays you NO interest prior to maturity, when you get all of your money back? Or a bond that pays you something in the interim? You can breathe a little easier knowing you're getting some of your investment back earlier, right? Remember, with US Treasuries, we're talking about a bond that theoretically is free of default risk, so the risk profile we are talking about is "duration" risk. It's a bond's sensitivity to a change in interest rates, what we call "DV01": the present value TODAY of a 1 basis point change in rates over the entire life of a bond. All else being equal, a bond with a lower coupon will have a higher DV01, and is therefore "riskier" to own because you will make (or lose) more money with each incremental change in rates. Want to master concepts like these like a practitioner? Check out our exclusive Fixed Income curriculum --- it's what you need to be prepared for your summer internship, your full time job, and the next level up in your Wall Street career.
Question: You have two bonds, both with 5 years to maturity, and both with a 5.00% yield. One is a zero coupon bond, and one has an 8.00% semiannual coupon.

Assuming they are otherwise identical, which has the higher duration and why?

Answer: The zero coupon bond has a higher duration. And it always will, when compared to an otherwise identical coupon-paying bond.

Why? 

A textbook will define "duration" as something like the “cash-weighted average time until you get your money back.” With the zero coupon bond, you get nothing for 5 years and then one big lump sum at the end. All of your money is tied up for the full 5 years, and your entire return depends on what happens to rates over that whole period.

With the 8% coupon bond, you’re getting something every six months along the way. Those early coupon payments mean you’re effectively getting chunks of your investment back sooner. Each of those payments can be reinvested, and they reduce how long your money is “at risk” to rate movements. The average time you’re waiting for your cash flows is shorter, so the duration is lower. With a zero coupon bond, you're exposed to the maximum risk for the full five years.

That’s useful for building intuition, but on a trading desk almost nobody talks about duration in this form (which is "Macaulay duration"). Practitioners care about how it is applied through "modified duration" and "DV01", because those directly answer the more important question: “how much money do I make or lose TODAY if rates move?” 

If you want to understand the REAL applications of duration when it comes to taking risk, check out our exclusive Fixed Income curriculum, created by an ex-Morgan Stanley interest rate expert.
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thewallstreetskinny
Question: You have two bonds, both with 5 years to maturity, and both with a 5.00% yield. One is a zero coupon bond, and one has an 8.00% semiannual coupon. Assuming they are otherwise identical, which has the higher duration and why? Answer: The zero coupon bond has a higher duration. And it always will, when compared to an otherwise identical coupon-paying bond. Why? A textbook will define "duration" as something like the “cash-weighted average time until you get your money back.” With the zero coupon bond, you get nothing for 5 years and then one big lump sum at the end. All of your money is tied up for the full 5 years, and your entire return depends on what happens to rates over that whole period. With the 8% coupon bond, you’re getting something every six months along the way. Those early coupon payments mean you’re effectively getting chunks of your investment back sooner. Each of those payments can be reinvested, and they reduce how long your money is “at risk” to rate movements. The average time you’re waiting for your cash flows is shorter, so the duration is lower. With a zero coupon bond, you're exposed to the maximum risk for the full five years. That’s useful for building intuition, but on a trading desk almost nobody talks about duration in this form (which is "Macaulay duration"). Practitioners care about how it is applied through "modified duration" and "DV01", because those directly answer the more important question: “how much money do I make or lose TODAY if rates move?” If you want to understand the REAL applications of duration when it comes to taking risk, check out our exclusive Fixed Income curriculum, created by an ex-Morgan Stanley interest rate expert.
Everyone wants to know the secret to getting their foot in the door at one of the most competitive firms on Wall Street, like @onecarlyle.

Here’s the truth: having the “perfect” resume might help, but it’s not sufficient. What really separates the people who make it from the ones who don’t? 

Grit. 

Are you willing to show up in a creative way after hearing “no”? Can you read the room? Are you spamming people with ChatGPT produced connection requests, or are you adding value? Have you found a way to build relationships, or are you purely transactional? 

The people who build long-term careers aren’t necessarily the most polished and pedigreed, but rather they’re the ones who remain undeterred by a closed door. 

Now the only question is, how many LinkedIn messages is Shane going to get after saying this? 😂 

Comment “WEALTH” to listen to the full conversation! 

TWSS is not a client of, or investor in funds managed by, Carlyle. Compensation was paid in connection with this social promotion. Statements made reflect the opinion of the speaker(s) and may not be representative of all views, and compensation may give rise to conflicts of interest. Nothing herein constitutes an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any security or product of Carlyle or any Carlyle-managed fund.
#investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance
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thewallstreetskinny
Everyone wants to know the secret to getting their foot in the door at one of the most competitive firms on Wall Street, like @onecarlyle. Here’s the truth: having the “perfect” resume might help, but it’s not sufficient. What really separates the people who make it from the ones who don’t? Grit. Are you willing to show up in a creative way after hearing “no”? Can you read the room? Are you spamming people with ChatGPT produced connection requests, or are you adding value? Have you found a way to build relationships, or are you purely transactional? The people who build long-term careers aren’t necessarily the most polished and pedigreed, but rather they’re the ones who remain undeterred by a closed door. Now the only question is, how many LinkedIn messages is Shane going to get after saying this? 😂 Comment “WEALTH” to listen to the full conversation! TWSS is not a client of, or investor in funds managed by, Carlyle. Compensation was paid in connection with this social promotion. Statements made reflect the opinion of the speaker(s) and may not be representative of all views, and compensation may give rise to conflicts of interest. Nothing herein constitutes an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any security or product of Carlyle or any Carlyle-managed fund. #investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance
I'll be sure to circle back and follow up ASAP!

#investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance
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thewallstreetskinny
I'll be sure to circle back and follow up ASAP! #investmentbanking #privateequity #womeninfinance

The Wall Street Skinny (@thewallstreetskinny) Instagram Stats & Analytics

The Wall Street Skinny (@thewallstreetskinny) has 434K Instagram followers with a 1.05% engagement rate over the past 12 months. Across 318 posts, The Wall Street Skinny received 617K total likes and 52.8M impressions, averaging 1.94K likes per post. This page tracks The Wall Street Skinny's performance metrics, top content, and engagement trends — updated daily.

The Wall Street Skinny (@thewallstreetskinny) Instagram Analytics FAQ

How many Instagram followers does The Wall Street Skinny have?+
The Wall Street Skinny (@thewallstreetskinny) has 434K Instagram followers as of August 2026.
What is The Wall Street Skinny's Instagram engagement rate?+
The Wall Street Skinny's Instagram engagement rate is 1.05% over the last 12 months, based on 318 posts.
How many likes does The Wall Street Skinny get on Instagram?+
The Wall Street Skinny received 617K total likes across 318 posts in the last 12 months, averaging 1.94K likes per post.
How many Instagram impressions does The Wall Street Skinny get?+
The Wall Street Skinny's Instagram content generated 52.8M total impressions over the last 12 months.